德國P+F倍加福超聲波對射式傳感器詳情說明：

TDA2030功率放大器即產(chǎn)生交流激磁功率電源，通過能源環(huán)形變壓器T1從靜止的初級線圈傳遞至旋轉(zhuǎn)的次級線圈，得到的交流電源通過軸上的整流濾波電路得到±5V的直流電源，該電源做運算放大器AD822的工作電源；由基準電源AD589與雙運放AD822組成的高精度穩(wěn)壓電源產(chǎn)生±4.5V的精密直流電源，該電源既作為電橋電源，又作為放大器及V/F轉(zhuǎn)換器的工作電源。當彈性軸受扭時，應變橋檢測得到的mV級的應變信號通過儀表放大器AD620放大成1.5v±1v的強信號，再通過V/F轉(zhuǎn)換器LM131變換成頻率信號，通過信號環(huán)形變壓器T2從旋轉(zhuǎn)的初級線圈傳遞至靜止次級線圈，再經(jīng)過外殼上的信號電路濾波、整形即可得到與彈性軸承受的扭矩成正比的頻率信號，該信號為TTL電平，既可提供給二次儀表或頻率計顯示也可直接送計算機。由于該旋轉(zhuǎn)變壓器動--靜環(huán)之間只有零點幾毫米的間隙，加之感應器軸上部分都密封在金屬外殼之內(nèi)，形成有效的屏蔽，因此很強的抗干擾能力。
倍加福超聲波對射式傳感器把某種形式的能量轉(zhuǎn)換成另種形式的能量。有兩類：有源的和無源的。有源感應器能將種能量形式直接轉(zhuǎn)變成另種，不需要外接的能源或激勵源。
無源感應器不能直接轉(zhuǎn)換能量形式，但它能控制從另輸入端輸入的能量或激勵能，感應器承擔將某個對象或過程的特定特性轉(zhuǎn)換成數(shù)量的工作。其“對象”可以是固體、液體或氣體，而它們的狀態(tài)可以是靜態(tài)的，也可以是動態(tài)(即過程)的。對象特性被轉(zhuǎn)換量化后可以通過多種方式檢測。對象的特性可以是物理性質(zhì)的，也可以是化學性質(zhì)的。按照其工作原理，它將對象特性或狀態(tài)參數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換成可測定的電學量，然后將此電信號分離出來，送入感應器系統(tǒng)加以評測或標示。
其zui簡單的形式是，傳感器作為個模擬換能器，直接返回個電壓。在已知磁場下，其距霍爾盤的距離是可以被設定的。使用多組傳感器，磁鐵的相關(guān)位置可被推斷出。
通過導體的電流會產(chǎn)生個隨電流變化的磁場，并且霍爾效應傳感器可以在不干擾電流情況下而測量電流。典型的為，將其和繞組磁芯或在被測導體旁的永磁體合成體。
通常，霍爾效應傳感器和電路相連，從而允許設備以數(shù)字（開/關(guān)）模式操作，在這種情況下可以被稱為開關(guān)[5]。工業(yè)中常見的設備，例如氣缸，也被用于日常設備中；如些打印機使用他們來監(jiān)測缺紙和敞蓋的情況。當鍵盤被要求高性時，也被應用于鍵盤中。
霍爾效應傳感器通常被用于計量車輪和軸的速度，例如在內(nèi)燃機點火定時（正時）或轉(zhuǎn)速表上。其在無刷直流電動機的使用，用來檢測永磁鐵的位置。圖示中的輪子，帶有兩個等距的磁鐵，傳感器上的電壓在個周期內(nèi)將兩次達到峰值。此設置通常被用來校準磁盤驅(qū)動的速率。

德國P+F倍加福超聲波對射式傳感器
UBE1000-18GM40-SE2-V1 Through-beam ultrasonic barrier     Single head system, Short design, 40 mm, Function indicators visible from all directions, Switch output, Series: -18GM, Housing diameter: 18 mm, Housing: brass, nickel-plated, Output type: PNP, NO, Sensing range: 15 ... 1000 mm, Connection type: Connector M12 x 1 , 4-pin
UBE1000-18GM40A-SE2-V1 Through-beam ultrasonic barrier     Single head system, Short design, 40 mm, Function indicators visible from all directions, Switch output, Series: -18GM, Housing diameter: 18 mm, Housing: brass, nickel-plated, Output type: PNP, NO, Sensing range: 15 ... 1000 mm, Connection type: Connector M12 x 1 , 4-pin
UBE1000-18GM40A-SE2-V1-Y205349 Through-beam ultrasonic barrier     Single head system, Short design, 40 mm, Function indicators visible from all directions, Switch output, Series: -18GM, Housing diameter: 18 mm, Housing: brass, nickel-plated, Output type: PNP, NO, Sensing range: 15 ... 1000 mm, Connection type: Connector M12 x 1 , 4-pin
UBE15M-H1 Ultrasonic sensor, transmitter     Multi-head system, Large sensing range, Large possible lateral distance between emitter and receiver, One or two transducers connectable, Sensing range: 0 ... 15000 mm , emitter - receiver synchronised
UBE4000-30GM-SA2-V15 Through-beam ultrasonic barrier     Reliable detection of transparent materials, High switching frequency, Adjustable sensitivity, Series: -30GM, Housing diameter: 40 mm, Housing: nickel plated brass; plastic components: PBT, Output type: 2 switch outputs PNP, normally open/closed (complementary), Sensing range: 0 ... 4000 mm , distance emitter-receiver 500 mm ... 4000 mm, Connection type: Connector M12 x 1 , 5-pin
UBE800-F77-SE2-V31 Through-beam ultrasonic barrier     Through-beam ultrasonic barrier, Miniature design, Highly visible LEDs for Power ON and switching state, High switching frequency, Series: -F77, Housing diameter: , Housing: Polycarbonate, Output type: 1 switch output PNP, NO, Sensing range: 0 ... 800 mm emitter/receiver spacing, Connection type: M8 x 1 connector , 4-pin
UBEC300-18GH40-SE2-V1 Through-beam ultrasonic barrier     Short design, 40 mm, Stainless steel housing, Chemical-resistant, Series: -18GM, Housing diameter: 18 mm, Housing: Stainless steel 1.4435 / AISI 316L O-ring for cover sealing: EPDM, Output type: PNP, NO, Sensing range: 100 ... 300 mm, Connection type: Connector M12 x 1 , 4-pin
UBE15M-F54-H1-V1 Ultrasonic sensor, transmitter     Multi-head system, Large sensing range, Large possible lateral distance between emitter and receiver, Separate evaluation, Series: -F54, Housing: PBT, Sensing range: 0 ... 15000 mm , emitter - receiver synchronised, Connection type: Connector M12 x 1 , 4-pin
UBE15M-F54-H2-V1 Ultrasonic sensor, receiver     Multi-head system, Large sensing range, Large possible lateral distance between emitter and receiver, Separate evaluation, Series: -F54, Housing: PBT, Output type: 1 pulse output for echo run time, open collector NPN, short-circuit proof 0 level (active): UOL ≤ 2 V, IOL ≤ 15 mA 1 level (inactive): UOH = UB (pull-up R = 330 kOhm), Sensing range: 0 ... 15000 mm , emitter - receiver synchronised, Connection type: Connector M12 x 1 , 4-pin
UBE500-18GM40A-E2-V1-Y220366 Ultrasonic sensor, receiver     Single head system, Short design, 40 mm, Function indicators visible from all directions, Switch output, Series: -18GM, Housing diameter: 18 mm, Housing: stainless steel V4A, Output type: PNP, NO, Sensing range: 100 ... 500 mm, Connection type: Connector M12 x 1 , 4-pin